There are many applications for different analyses in various
fields. Some examples are mentioned for illustration:
Agriculture
soil samples - determination of calcium, nitrates, sodium,
potassium, boron, ammonium and halogenides
fodder - measurements of nitrogen after Kjeldahlization,
calcium, halogenides, sodium, potassium, nitrates, to ensure quality
products
plant tissues - nitrates, halogenides, cyanides, calcium,
sodium and potassium can be measured currently
fertilizers - determination of potassium, calcium, nitrogen and nitrates in
fertilizers
Medicine
blood, serum - measurement of potassium, calcium, sodium, fluorides in samples
urine - easy determination of fluorides, ammonium
and calcium
Food industry
meat and fish - nitrite and nitrate measurements in meat and
fish processing, checking the fluoride level in fish protein to state the toxin
concentration
milk and dairy products - monitoring of fluoride concentrations for
checking some toxins
drinks and juices - determination of the concentration of
chlorides, fluorides and carbonates
sodium, calcium, silver, sulphide and chloride concentration measurements
Photochemistry
bromide, silver and nitrate concentration measurements
Geology and mining
fluoride, chloride and calcium measurements in different
types of minerals
Metallurgy and electroplating baths
concentration measurements of copper, cadmium, free and total
cyanides, fluorides, fluoroborates, nitrates and ammonium
Petroleum refining and gas production
after distillation, the concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen sulphide can be
determined
low chloride concentrations in water, used for desalting
crude oil, can be determined, too
Medical products
determination of fluorides in vitamines and tooth pastes,
halogenides, copper, nitrates, or, if need be, calcium can be determined in a
number of medicaments
Power engineering
calcium and chloride concentration can be easily measured in boiler and
exchanger waters
Water systems
natural water - calcium, potassium, sodium, silver, lead,
cadmium, halogenide, ammonium, sulphide and carbonate ions are currently
determined
drinking water - fluorides and nitrates are most frequently
measured substances
sea water - determination of halogenide, nitrate, potassium
and sodium ions
waste water - concentration measurements of copper, silver,
cyanides and ammonium, and, if need be, of nitrogen after Kjeldahlization
Educational system
at present, the electrodes are an important implement for
numerous analytic and instrumental subjects. They help to observe effects and
processes concerning the kinetics, equilibrium states and to determine activity
coefficients, solubilities and ionizations
Research
the electrode are used in following fields and branches: food
industry, agriculture, agronomy, medicine, chemistry, physics, biology,
stomatology, enviroment protection, etc.
Determination of acidity
In all the mentioned fields and branches, where the ion
selective electrodes are used, the glass pH-electrode is also used.
The determination of acidity is, in most cases, an essential condition for the
qualification of the samples under question.